The best answer is: 2.0 joules/kg

The initial energy recommendation for the first shock when treating pediatric patients is  2.0 joules/kg.

The best answer is: assisted (augmented) ventilation (bag/valve or mechanical ventilation device)

If adequate minute ventilation cannot be maintained by a patient, the only treatment is to support and augment the patient minute ventilation using positive pressure devices such as the bag/valve and mechanical ventilator.

The best answer is: false

Because most pediatric patients have intact underlying physiology, they typically possess dramatic abilities to compensate for acute changes. Intense vasoconstriction is a common response to severe hypovolemia. Thus, these young patients may have serious intra-vascular volume loss, and through their ability to compensate, have a “normal” blood pressure. That is why assessing all physiologic parameters should be used to confirm shock. Capillary refill is not affected by compensation, thus, is a valuable measurement. Children with acceptable perfusion will usually have 1 second or less capillary refill time. Rapid breathing (tachypnea) is a common response to tissue hypoxia brought about by shock. Differentiating a primary pulmonary dysfunction causing tachypnea vs. compensatory tachypnea is best done by assessing work of breathing. Patients with pulmonary dysfunction almost always have an increased work of breathing. Patients with compensatory tachypnea do not.

The best answer is: true

Manufacturers supply pediatric chest patches that better fit the smaller chest. In an extreme emergency, if only larger adult patches are available, place the patch in an anterior/posterior* position, making certain there is no contact between the two electrodes.

*Place one patch on the front of the chest, over the heart, left of the sternum if possible. Place the second patch at the cardiac level on the rear chest.

The best answer is: 20-30/minute

Although a “normal” respiratory rate range for a 16-month old is approximately 20-30/minute, always consider all potential causes of tachypnea: anxiety; increased body temperature; hypoxia; pain; and airway resistance. Assess each patient comprehensively to best determine the cause(s) of the rapid breathing.