The best answer is D: All of the above.

Here's Why: Lidocaine (class 1B) is a pure sodium channel blocker that has been shown to be effective in treating ischemic ventricular arrhythmias. Procainamide (class 1A), in ventricular muscle and Purkinje fibers, suppresses phase 4 diastolic depolarization, hence reduces the automaticity of all pacemakers. It also slows intra-ventricular conduction, suppressing re-entry arrhythmias. If there is ischemic tissue and conduction is already slowed, procainamide may further slow conduction and produce bi-directional block and may terminate re-entry arrhythmias. Amiodarone (class III) is effective in both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias, however, it takes protracted periods of time to obtain therapeutic blood levels; has a very long half-life; and, has a long list of serious potential side-effects. Many practitioners believe that its use should be a bridge to definitive therapy such as radio-frequency ablation.

The best answer is B: Regardless of treatment, there is remote likelihood of a positive response (no benefit to the patient).

Here's Why: Medical futility is a state in which the patient exists based on the presence of an untreatable disease which will progress to the patient's death. Simply stated, treatment is futile, thus, treatment would provide no benefit to the patient.

The best answer is D, Cardiologist electrophysiologist.

Here's Why: The cardiology sub-speciality trained to conduct cardiac electrophysiology studies such as intra-chamber electrograms is the Electro-Physiologist. (EP) Most practice in a specialty EP lab.